Dec 15, 2015 · Try to set ZFS ARC size manually ... mru_ghost_evictable_metadata 4 0 mfu_size 4 588747776 mfu_evictable_data 4 570971648 mfu_evictable_metadata 4 5301760 ... Mar 29, 2013 · Basically, the behavior is the same as with the default 128KB recordsize, except that the maximum size of a block is 8KB. This should hold for all blocks (data and metadata). Any modified metadata (due to copy-on-write) will also use the smaller block size.
arcstats_l2_hdr_size Size of the metadata in the arc (ram) used to manage (lookup if something is in the l2) the l2 cache. Zfetch Stats zfetchstats_hits Counts the number of cache hits, to items which are in the cache because of the prefetcher.

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The following versions are supported: VER DESCRIPTION --- ----- 1 Initial ZFS version 2 Ditto blocks (replicated metadata) 3 Hot spares and double parity RAID-Z 4 zpool history 5 Compression using the gzip algorithm 6 bootfs pool property 7 Separate intent log devices 8 Delegated administration 9 refquota and refreservation properties 10 Cache ... -
This extra copy is in addition to any redundancy provided at the pool level (e.g. by mirroring or RAID-Z) and is in addition to an extra copy specified by the copies property (up to a total of 3 copies) For example if the pool is mirrored, copies = 2 and redundant_metadata = most then ZFS stores 6 copies of most metadata, and 4 copies of data ...
Configuring Cache on your ZFS pool. If you have been through our previous posts on ZFS basics you know by now that this is a robust filesystem. It performs checksums on every block of data being written on the disk and important metadata, like the checksums themselves, are written in multiple different places.

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It's a well known, hmmm, design consequence of ZFS that very small record sizes, 512b being the smallest, generate massive amounts of metadata. For a record size of 512b and a 4Tb zvol you need an additional 2Tb of space for the metadata. If we only go up to 8K it gets a lot better. -
There will be at least 4.5KB of space used for each file (assuming 4KB sector size). That does not include any overhead for directories and other metadata on the MDTs, although ZFS’s metadata compression (which is enabled by default for ZFS) may reduce the actual space used by each dnode.
arcstats_l2_hdr_size Size of the metadata in the arc (ram) used to manage (lookup if something is in the l2) the l2 cache. Zfetch Stats zfetchstats_hits Counts the number of cache hits, to items which are in the cache because of the prefetcher.

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The zfs listcommand lists the usablespace that is available to file systems, which is disk space minus ZFSpool redundancy metadata overhead, if any. Non-redundant storage pool– When a pool is created with one 136-GB disk, the zpool listcommand reports SIZEand initial FREEvalues as 136 GB. -
vfs.zfs.min_auto_ashift - Minimum ashift (sector size) that will be used automatically at pool creation time. The value is a power of two. The default value of 9 represents 2^9 = 512, a sector size of 512 bytes.
FreeBSD Bugzilla – Bug 229670 Too many vnodes causes ZFS ARC to exceed limit vfs.zfs.arc_max (high ARC "Other" usage) Last modified: 2020-03-06 10:43:30 UTC

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This extra copy is in addition to any redundancy provided at the pool level (e.g. by mirroring or RAID-Z) and is in addition to an extra copy specified by the copies property (up to a total of 3 copies) For example if the pool is mirrored, copies = 2 and redundant_metadata = most then ZFS stores 6 copies of most metadata, and 4 copies of data ... -
The metadata cache is stored in the primary address space and its default size is 64 M. Because the metadata cache contains only metadata and small files, it typically does not need to be nearly as large as the user file cache. The operator modify zfs,query,all command output shows statistics for the metadata cache including the cache hit ratio.
Jul 22, 2016 · I've got ~28GiB dedicated to ZFS and the ARC target size keeps shrinking despite seemingly low pressure for ram and huge pages are disabled. ... 4 2048253952 metadata ...

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One important performance parameter of ZFS is the recordsize which govern the size of filesystem blocks for large files. This is the unit that ZFS validates through checksums. Filesystem blocks are dynamically striped onto the pooled storage, on a block to virtual device (vdev) basis. -
There will be at least 4.5KB of space used for each file (assuming 4KB sector size). That does not include any overhead for directories and other metadata on the MDTs, although ZFS’s metadata compression (which is enabled by default for ZFS) may reduce the actual space used by each dnode.

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The examples take place on a zfs dataset, record size set to 128k (the default), primarycache is set to metadata and a 1G dummy file is copied at different block sizes, 128k first, then 4 then 8. (Scroll to the right, I've lined up my copy commands w/ the iostat readout). -
Jul 22, 2016 · I've got ~28GiB dedicated to ZFS and the ARC target size keeps shrinking despite seemingly low pressure for ram and huge pages are disabled. ... 4 2048253952 metadata ...
ZFS ARC Parameters. This section describes parameters related to ZFS ARC behavior. zfs_arc_min Description. Determines the minimum size of the ZFS Adaptive Replacement Cache (ARC). See also zfs_arc_max. Data Type. Unsigned Integer (64-bit) Default. 1/32nd of physical memory or 64 MB, whichever value is larger. 64 MB. Range. 64 MB to zfs_arc_max. Units. Bytes. Dynamic? No

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It's a well known, hmmm, design consequence of ZFS that very small record sizes, 512b being the smallest, generate massive amounts of metadata. For a record size of 512b and a 4Tb zvol you need an additional 2Tb of space for the metadata. If we only go up to 8K it gets a lot better. -
Mar 29, 2013 · Basically, the behavior is the same as with the default 128KB recordsize, except that the maximum size of a block is 8KB. This should hold for all blocks (data and metadata). Any modified metadata (due to copy-on-write) will also use the smaller block size.
The file size, number of files in a folder, total volume size and number of folders in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers; as a result, ReFS supports a maximum file size of 16 exbibytes (2 64 −1 bytes), a maximum of 18.4 × 10 18 directories and a maximum volume size of 35 petabytes Built-in resilience

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The examples take place on a zfs dataset, record size set to 128k (the default), primarycache is set to metadata and a 1G dummy file is copied at different block sizes, 128k first, then 4 then 8. (Scroll to the right, I've lined up my copy commands w/ the iostat readout). -
Alternatives: there are other options to free up space in the zpool, e.g. 1. increase the quota if there is space in the zpool left 2. Shrink the size of a zvol 3. temporarily destroy a dump device (if the rpool is affected) 4. delete unused snapshots 5. increase the space in the zpool by enlarging a vdev or adding a vdev 6.
FreeBSD Bugzilla – Bug 229670 Too many vnodes causes ZFS ARC to exceed limit vfs.zfs.arc_max (high ARC "Other" usage) Last modified: 2020-03-06 10:43:30 UTC

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There will be at least 4.5KB of space used for each file (assuming 4KB sector size). That does not include any overhead for directories and other metadata on the MDTs, although ZFS’s metadata compression (which is enabled by default for ZFS) may reduce the actual space used by each dnode. -
BeeGFS metadata is stored as extended attributes (EAs) on the underlying file system to optimal performance. One metadata file will be created for each file that a user creates. About extended attributes usage: BeeGFS Metadata files have a size of 0 bytes (i.e. no normal file contents).
I have setup ZFS RAID0 for PostgreSQL database. ... 4 1682603008 hdr_size 4 110128312 data_size 4 3359916544 metadata_size 4 2055335424 dbuf_size 4 246193488 dnode ...

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The examples take place on a zfs dataset, record size set to 128k (the default), primarycache is set to metadata and a 1G dummy file is copied at different block sizes, 128k first, then 4 then 8. (Scroll to the right, I've lined up my copy commands w/ the iostat readout).
ZFS recordsize¶ The recordsize is the size of the largest block of data that ZFS will read/write. ZFS compresses each block individually and compression is better for larger blocks. Use the default recordsize=128k and decrease it to 32-64k if you need more TPS (transactions per second). Larger recordsize means better compression. It also ...

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Jul 22, 2016 · I've got ~28GiB dedicated to ZFS and the ARC target size keeps shrinking despite seemingly low pressure for ram and huge pages are disabled. ... 4 2048253952 metadata ...
Mar 29, 2013 · Basically, the behavior is the same as with the default 128KB recordsize, except that the maximum size of a block is 8KB. This should hold for all blocks (data and metadata). Any modified metadata (due to copy-on-write) will also use the smaller block size.

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Configuring Cache on your ZFS pool. If you have been through our previous posts on ZFS basics you know by now that this is a robust filesystem. It performs checksums on every block of data being written on the disk and important metadata, like the checksums themselves, are written in multiple different places.
Rather, the size of the entire metadata cache should be assigned to the meta_cache_size option. zFS provides a check to see if the metadata cache size is less than the calculated default metadata cache size. For more information, see ZFS_VERIFY_CACHESIZE in IBM Health Checker for z/OS User's Guide.

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80% of cache hits were metadata, and metadata was limited to 8 gig with 6.5 gig been actively used. So only 1.1 gig of the MFU was from data. The tuning I applied was reducing ARC to 10 gig (so still some wiggle room over current MFU usage), and increased metadata limit to 80% of ARC. -
Open-ZFS Allocation classes are a new vdev type to hold dedup tables, metadata, small io or single filesystems. They should offer a comparable redundany as the pool. Beside basic vdevs (not suggested as a disk lost=pool lost) you can use n-way mirrors. With several mirrors load is distributed over them. I have made some performance benchmarks,

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Rather, the size of the entire metadata cache should be assigned to the meta_cache_size option. zFS provides a check to see if the metadata cache size is less than the calculated default metadata cache size. For more information, see ZFS_VERIFY_CACHESIZE in IBM Health Checker for z/OS User's Guide.